வேதநதி

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 B 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Section-A

1.Microsporogenesis is

Formation of microspores
Formation of female gametes
Formation of tapetum
All of the above
Microsporogenesis During developmental phase of anther the cells of sporogenous tissue undergoes meiotic division to form microspore tetrad. The process of formation of microspore from pollen mother cell is called microsporogenesis. The microspores are formed and arranged in a group of four cells called microspore tetrad. Microspore develops into the pollen grain and represents the male gametophyte

2.Ovule integument gets transformed into

Seed
Fruit wall
Seed coat
Cotyledons

3.Which one of the following is not a correct explanation of cross-pollination?

The pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another flower situated on the same plant
The pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another flower, of another plant the same species
The pollen grains of male flower are transferred to the stigma of the female flower
The pollen grains of the flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower
Cross pollination is the transfer of pollen grains of a male flower to the stigma of female flower, which occurs either on the same plant (monoecious) or on the different plant (dioecious).

4.Ornithophily refers to the pollination by which of the following?

Insects
Birds
Snails
Air
Allogamous pollination performed by birds is called ornithophily. Entomophily is pollination carried out by insects.

5.‘Cells at the chalazal end are called synergid cells’. The above statement is

True
False
Sometimes True and sometimes False
Neither True nor False
False In the embryo sac the cells, which are present at the chalazal end are called antipodal cells. At the micropylar end the synergid and egg cells are present.
Mature embryo sac

6.Unisexuality of flowers prevents

Autogamy, but not geitonogamy
Geitonogamy and xenogamy
Geitonogamy, but not xenogamy
Autogamy and Geitonogamy
Unisexuality of flowers prevents autogamy(self pollination) but not geitonogamy(pollination between separate male and female flowers on the same plant).

7.Identify the correct modes of entry of pollen tube in the diagrams given below

A-Mesogamy, B-Chalazogamy, C-Porogamy
A-Chalazogamy, B-Porogamy, C-Mesogamy
A-Porogamy, B-Chalazogamy, C-Mesogamy
A-Porogamy, B-Mesogamy, C-Chalazogamy
Modes of entity of pollen tube
(i) Porogamy: Entry of pollen tube takes place through micropylar end e.g., Lily
(ii) Chalazogamy: Entry of pollen tube takes place through the chalazal end, e.g., Causarina, Juglans
(iii) Mesogamy: Entry of pollen tube takes place through the integuments e.g.,Cucurbita, Populus

8.Filiform apparatus is a characteristic feature of

Egg
Synergid
Zygote
Suspensor
Filiform apparatus is finger-like projection of the cell membrane of synergids or helper cells at the micropylar end of the ovule. Filiform apparatus is rich in polysaccharides and chemottracts pollen tube towards egg.

9.Individual part or segment of calyx is called

Sepal
Petal
Tepal
Corolla
Calyx Accessory part of the flower. The individual leaf of calyx is called sepal. They may be green or variously coloured.
Function protection of flower

10.The process in which haploid embryo is formed from haploid egg without fertilization is called

Apospory
Agamospermy
Apogamy
Vegetative reproduction
Apomixis or agamospermy is a reproductive process in plants that superficially resembles normal sexual reproduction but in which there is no fusion of gametes. In some apomictic flowering plants, there is no fertilization by pollen and the embryos develop simply by division of a diploid cell of the ovule.

11.Aleurone layer is found in

Dicotyledons
Monocotyledons
Both of these
None of these
Aleurone layer is the layer surrounds the endosperm. It is made up of protein. It is found only in mococotyledons

12.Male gamete in angiosperm is produced by

Generative cell
Microspore cell
Vegetative cell
Tube cell
In angiosperm, male gametophyte consists of a tube cell and generative cell. The generative cell divides to form two male gametes.

13.How many cells are found in female gametophyte?

6
8
7
5
Female gametophyte is 7-celled and 8-nucleus structure due to joining of two polar cells.
Six out of the eight nuclei are surrounded by cell walls and organized into cells (egg cells and antipodal cells) and remaining two nuclei called polar nuclei are situated below the egg apparatus in large central cell. Thus, a typical angiospermic embryo sac at maturity is 8-nucleate and 7-celled.

14.Pollens outer layer is called ___A___ This is made up of ___B___ This is absent on the ___C___ Fill in the blanks A, B and C

A-Intine, B-organic compound, C-micropyle
A-exine, B-sporopollenin, C-germ pore
A-exine, B-intine, C-micropyle
A-micropyle, B-intine, C-exine
A-Exine, B-Sporopollenin, C-Germ pore

15.A normal plant suddenly started reproducing parthenogenetically. The number of chromosomes of the second generation as compared to the parent will be

One half
One fourth
Same
Double
In parthenogenesis, the number of chromosomes of the second generation as compared to the parent remains half.

16.Syngamy is the process in which

Male gamete fuses with female gamete
Pollen tube enter into the ovule through micropyle
Pollen tube enter into the ovule through chalaza
Pollen tube enter into the ovule through chalaza
Syngamy is the fusion of gametes, i.e, the union of nuclei of male gamete and female gamete in the process of reproduction. In angiosperms, generative fertilization is also called, syngamy.

17.60% of the angiosperms shed their pollens at the

2-celled stage
3-celled stage
4-celled stage
1-celled stage
60% of angiosperms shed their pollens at two celled stage and in rest 40% the pollens are shed at three celled stage which is formed by division in generative cell mitotically

18.Most oldest viable seed is of

Lupine
Ficus
Date palm
Phoenix
Viability means ability to grow. This is a certain time period in which plant seed have ability to germinate. Lupine have the viability period about 10,000 years

19.Which of the following statements about sporopollenin is false?

Exine is made up of sporopollenin
Sporopollenin is one of the resistant organic materials
Exine has apertures called germ pores where sporopollenin is present
Sporopollenin can withstand high temperatures and strong acids
Exine is chiefly made up of sporopollenin. Exine is discontinous or ruptured only by nexine at some places (where sporopollenin absent), these are called pores, through which pollen tubes come out during germination on stigma.

20.An interesting modification of flower shape for insect pollination occurs in some orchids in which a male insect mistakes the pattern on the orchid flower for the female of his species and tries to copulate with it, thereby pollinating the flower. This phenomenon is called

Pseudoparthenocarpy
Mimicry
Pseudopollination
Pseudocopulation
Pseudocopulation describes behaviours similar to copulation that serves a reproductive function for one or more or both the participants but not involve actual sexual union between the individuals. It is most generally applied to a pollinant attempting to copulate with a flower. Orchids commonly achieve reproduction in this manner.

21.Bright colouration of flowers is an adaptation for

Anemophily
Hydrophily
Malacophily
Entomophily
Bright coloured flowers attract the insects. These insects takes part in the pollination of these flowers, therefore, bright colouration of flowers is an adaptation for entomophily, i.e, pollination by insects.

22.In the figure, find out F and G

F-Radicle; G-Root cap
F-Root cap; G-Coleorhiza
F-Epiblema; G-Radicle
F-Root cap; G-Epiblema
Root cap-coleorhiza.
Embryos of monocotyledons possess only one cotyledon. In the grass family the cotyledon is called scutellum that is situated toward the one side (lateral) of the embryonal axis. At its lower end, the embryonal axis has the radical and root cap enclosed in an undifferentiated sheath called coleorhiza.
The portion of the embryonal axis above the level of attachment of scutellum is epicotyl. Epicotyl has a shoot apex and few leaf primordial enclosed in hallow structure the coleoptile

23.Devices for self-pollination are

Dicliny or unicexuality
Dichogamy
Heterostyly
None of these
Autogamy (self-pollination) involve participation of just one flower for pollination. The devices for self pollination are homogamy, bisexuality, cleistogamy, etc.

24.Identify the different stages in embryogenesis in the given diagram A,B,C and D

A-Two celled stage, B-Heart-shaped, C-Globular, D-Mature embryo
A-Two celled stage, B-Mature embryo, C-Heart-shaped, D-Globular type
A-Two celled stage, B-Globular type, C-Heart-shaped, D-Mature embryo
A-Mature embryo, B-Heart-shaped, C-Globular type, D-Two celled stage

Embryo develops at the micropylar end of the ovule or embryo sac, where the zygote is situated. Most zygote divide only after certain amount of endosperm is formed. The early stages of embryonic development is same in both monocotyledons and dicotylendons. The zygote give rise to the proembryo and subsequently into globular, heart-shaped and mature embryo

25.Self-incompatibility is a device for
I. Ensuring cross-pollination
II. Preventing self-pollination
III. Ensuring self-fertilisation
IV. Genetic control for self-fertilisation
Choose the correct statements from those given above

I, II and III
I, II, III and IV
I, III and IV
I, II and IV
I, II, IV are correct
Flowering plants have developed many devices to discourage self-pollination. In some species, pollen, releases and stigma receptibility is non-syncronised, i.e., either the pollen is released before the stigma becomes receptive or stigma becomes receptive much before the release of pollen.
In some other species the anther and stigma are placed at the different positions so that the pollen can not come in contact with the stigma of same flower. Both these devices prevent autogamy.
The third device to prevent inbreeding is self-incompatibility. This is genetic a mechanism and prevents self pollination (from same flower or other flower of same plant) from fertilizing the ovules by inhibiting pollen germination or pollen tube growth in pistil

26.Continued self-pollination results in

Inbreeding depression
Out breeding depression
Hybrid vigour
Hybrid vigour
Continued self breeding means there is continuation of genetic material to the progeny from the parents. As they are the product of same genotype of same plant. This leads to less productivity called inbreeding depression

27.Polyembryony is a type of

Apomixis
Fertilization
Fusion
Embryogenesis
Polyembryony is the formation of more than one embryo so it is the type of embryogenesis

28.The diagram (below) depicts a flower with

Air pollination
Zoophily
Water pollination
Hybridization
Presence of feathery and exposed stigma are the characters of wind-pollinated plant

29.Megasporogenesis is

Formation of fruit
Formation of seeds
Formation of megaspores
Both Formation of seeds and megaspores
Megaspore is commonly called as ovum. These terms are generally used in case of plants and animals. The process of formation of ova or megaspore called oogenesis or megasporogenesis respectively

30.Pollen kit material is secreted by

Tapetum
Endothecium
Epidermis
Endodermis
In insect pollinated plants, a sticky material is deposited on the pollen grains known as ‘pollen kit material’, which is secreted by the tapetum.

31.First three layers of microsporangium which does the function of protection are

Epidermis, endothecium, middle layer
Epidermis, mesocarp, endocarp
Epidermis, middle layer, endothecium
Epidermis, endocarp, mesocarp
Epidermis middle layer, endothecium, they are present outerly and have the function of protection. But sometime endothecium does the function of nourishment

32.Fibrous thickenings of hygroscopic nature are found in which part of the anther wall?

Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle layers
Tapetum
Endothecium is an unilayer of radially elongated cells occurs between the epidermis and middle layers of an angiospermic anther wall.
Cells of endothecium have fibrous thickening in their cell walls due to which they become hygroscopic and thus, help in the dehiscence of mature anther.

33.Albuminous seed

Has no endosperm
Has thick cotyledons
Have food storage in cotyledons
Has thick cotyledons & Have food storage in cotyledons
Albuminous seed retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryonic development, e.g., Wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower. Their cotyledons are fleshy and thick as compared to the non-albuminous seed

34.The outermost layer of maize endosperm is known as

Perisperm
aleurone
Tapetum
endothelium
Albuminous seed retain a part of endosperm as it is not completely used up during embryonic development, e.g., Wheat, maize, barley, castor, sunflower. Their cotyledons are fleshy and thick as compared to the non-albuminous seed

35.Which of the following statement is/are true
I. Endothecium lies behind epidermis
II. Fusion of egg with male gamete is called apogamy.
III. Synergids are haploid
IV. The point at which funicle touches the ovule is raphe.

II and IV only
I and II only
I and IV only
I and III only
The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization, while the mode of formation of new individuals from specialized or non-specialized parts of the parent without meiosis or fusion of gametes is called the asexual reproduction.
Apogamy is a type of asexual reproduction, in which sporophyte is directly formed from a gametophyte without involving the formation and fusion of gmetes.
Funicle is the stalk of ovule. The point of attachment to the body of ovule with the funiculus is known as hilum.
A raphe or longitudinal ridge is formed by the fusion of funiculus with the body of ovule.

Section-B

36.For the formation of tetrasporic embryo sac, how many megaspore mother cells are required?

1
2
3
4
When all the fourmegaspore nuclei take part in the formation of the female gametophyte (embryo sac), this type of development is called as tetrasporic. In tetrasporic emryo sacs, meiosis is not accompanied by wall formation.

37.Chances of pollination in air and water are increased by increasing number of pollens. This statement is

True
False
Sometimes True and sometimes False
Neither True nor False
True Plants, in which the water or air pollination is prevelant, produces large number of pollens because of wastage of pollen during pollination by abiotic means

38.Diagram showing entry of pollen tube to the embryo sac. Identify A to G in the diagram

A-Synergid, B-Filiform apparatus, C-Male gamete, D-Plasma membrane, E-Central cell, F-Egg nucleus, G-Vegetative nucleus
A- Filiform apparatus, B- Central cell, C- Egg nucleus, D- Vegetative nucleus, E- Male gamete, F- Synergid, G- Plasma membrane
A- Plasma membrane, B- Synergid , C- Filiform apparatus, D- Male gamete, E- Vegetative nucleus, F- Central cell, G-Egg nucleus
A- Central cell, B- Egg nucleus, C- Vegetative nucleus, D- Male gamete, E- Synergid, F-Plasma membrane
After entering the ovule the pollen tube is attracted toward the micropylar end. The attractant is secreted by filiform apparatus. The pollen tube pierce one of the two synergid and releases its gametes. Out of the two male gametes one fuses with egg to perform generative fertilization (syngamy)
It gives rise to the diploid zygote. The nucleus of the second male gametes fuses with the two haploid polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm nucleus. This second fertilization is called vegetative fertilization

39.Double fertilization is fusion of

Two eggs
Two eggs and polar nuclei
One male gamete with egg and other with synergid
One male gamete with egg and other with secondary nucleus
The double fertilization was discovered by S G Nawaschin (1898) and Guignard in Lilium and Fritilaria. Double fertilization is restricted only to angiosperms. When pollen tube enters ovule, it strikes one of the synergids and burst open to release the two male gametes, which fuse with two different structures in the same female gametophyte. Thus, double fertilization can be distinguished as :
1.Generative Fertilization: Fusion of one male gamete with the egg producing diploid zygote or oospore.
2.Vegetative Fertilization: Fusion of nucleus of second male gamete with the diploid secondary (fused) nucleus or the triple fusion, i.e., fusion of one male polar nuclei forming endosperm (3n).

40.Which of these cells is the largest cell of the ovule?

Antipodal cell
Central cell
Megaspore mother cell
The size of the cells varies from species to species and none of the given above can be treated as largest
Central cell is the largest cell of embryo sac and is mother cell of endosperm. The enlargement of the embryo sac after the last nuclear division is largely due to inflation of the large central vacuole of central cell.

41.“In Western countries a large number of ___ Product in the form of tablets and ___ are available in market. Pollen consumption claimed to increase the ___ of athelete”. The words to fill blanks in sequential order are

Pistil, syrup, memory
Stamen, food, androgen deficiency
Carpel, yoghurt, cognitive skills
Pollen, syrup, performance
Pollen, syrup increase/improve performance because pollen contain highly nutritive material in the form of vegetative cell

42.Find out right statement (s)
I. Most common endosperm is of nuclear type
II. Coconut water is male gametophyte
III. Coconut has both nucellar and cellular type of endosperm

I, II and III
I and III
II and III
I and II
In coconut endosperm two type of division takes place, cellular and nuclear and it is the female gametophyte not male. In coconut endosperm cellular endosperm surrounds the nuclear endsopores

43.Identify the type of ovary in diagram

Multicarpellary apocarpous
Multicarpellary syncarpous
Multicarpellary pistillate
Monocarpellary apocarpous
The gynoecium represents the female reproductive part of the flower. The gynoecium may consist of single pistil (monocarpelllary) or may have more than one pistil (multicarpellary) When there are more than one pistil fused together than the pistil is called multicarpellary syncarpous pistil when the pistils are not in fused condition than this type of ovary is called multicarpellary apocarpous pistil

44.Apogamy is

Reproduction of virus
Failure of fusion of gametes
Development of bacteria
Loss of function of reproduction
Apogamy was first reported by Farlow (1874). It can be defined as the development of a sporophyte directly from the gametophyte without the intervention of sex organs and gametes.

45.Genotype of endosperm is ZZA, find out the genotype of male and female plant respectively

ZZ, AA
ZA, ZA
AA, ZZ
ZAA, ZZA
Endosperm union of male gametes and female polar nuclei, which is diploid in nature.
In question the genotype of endosperm in ZZA means ZZ belongs to female and A belongs to male gametes, so genotype of male plant is = AA and female plant is = ZZ

46.Milky water of tender coconut is

Liquid gametes
Liquid nucellus
Liquid female gametophyte
Liquid endosperm
Milky water of tender coconut is called liquid endosperm.

47.Find out the ploidy nature of A,B,D,E in the given figure

1n,2n,3n,4n
n,2n,3n,n
1n,3n,4n,2n
2n,3n,1n,4n

48.When pollen is transferred from anther of a flower to stigma of the another of the another flower of the same plant, it is referred to as

Allogamy
Xenogamy
Geitonogamy
Autogamy
When pollen grains of one flower are transferred to the stigma of another flower belonging to either the same plant or genetically similar plant, it is referred to as geitonogamy.

49.Wind pollination is common in

Lilies
Grasses
Orchids
Legumes

50.Out of the following choose the post-fertilisation events

Endospermeogenesis
Embryogenesis
Both Endospermeogenesis and Embryogenesis
Organogenesis
Though organogenesis is a part of post fertilization events but it is included in the embryogenesis. Endospermogenesis is the post-fertilisation event under which formation of endosperm takes place