வேதநதி

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE

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Section-A

1.Consider the following statements about Bt
I. The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are used to control butterfly catterpillers
II. Fresh spores of Bt are mixed with water and sprayed on seeds such as brassicas and fruit trees
III. Insect larvae, after eating these are killed by the toxin released in their gut
IV. Bt toxin genes have been introduced into plants to provide resistance to pests
Which of the statements given above are correct?

I, II and III
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
I, II, III and IV
All statements are correct Fresh spores of Bt are mixed with water and sprayed on plants such as brassicas and fruit trees

2.Baculoviruses do not show harmful effect on
I. plants
II. Mammals
III. bird
IV. Non-target insects
Choose the correct option

I, III and III
II, III and IV
I, III and IV
I, II, III and IV
All of these.
Baculovirus heliothis (a group of virus) are known to infect the larval stages of many harmful insects beetles, wasps and ants. A number of baculovirus, which are used as biopesticides belongs to the genus Nucleopohyledro virus
These biological weapons are not only effective as potential biological control of harmful insects, but are also harmless to non-target organisms insects (plants, birds, mammals, non-targets insects etc). They are important in organic farming because of their specific action on harmful insects without causing any damage to beneficial insects as well as to the environment. Baculoviruses are helpful in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme, in which beneficial insects are conserved

3.Gambusia fish is

Cat fish
Sucker fish
Mosquito fish
Flat fish
Gambusia (mosquito fish) feeds on mosquito larvae and is therefore, used as larvicidal.

4.Penicillin is the first antibiotic. It was discovered by

Alexander Flemming : 1928
Alexander Flemming : 1930
S Waksman : 1928
S Waksman : 1930
Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be discovered by Alexander Flemming (1928)

5.A water fern, which is used as a green manure in rice fields is

Salvinia
Mucor
Aspergillus
Azolla
Azolla is cultivated in rice fields as it provides both green compost and fixed nitrogen to the crop. The use of Azolla in rice fields at the rate of 200 gm per square metre area can increase rice yield by 12.38%. Eexperiments have revealed that application of 10 tonnes of fresh Azolla biomass in one hectare, adds as much as 100 kg nitrogen.

6.Baker’s yeast is

Propionibacterium sharmanii
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Trichoderma polysporum
Lactobacillus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Bread is made through fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae or commonly called baker’s yeast. Yeast species also used in alcoholic fermentation is S. cerevisiae (Brewer’s yeast)

7.Green manures are prepared from

Saccharum officinarum
Zea mays
Crotalaria juncea
Sorghum vulgare
Green manure includes leguminous crops like Crotalaria juncea (sunnhemp), Sesbania aculeata (daincha), Cyamposis tetragonoloba (cluster bean), etc.

8.Which is a bioinsecticide?

Cactoblastis cactorum
Anabaena
Bacillus thuringiensis
Rhizobium
Bacillus thurigiensis is a natural insecticide. It secretes a toxin protein thurisoide, which is effective against insects like moths, flies mosquitoes and beetles.

9.A man made allopolyploid cereal crop is

Hordeum vulgare
Triticale
Raphanobrassica
Zea mays
Allopolyploid means a mixture of two different genetic formsio. Intergeneric hybridization of cereal crops. Triticale is first man made allopolyploid cereal crop.

10.Trichoderma species, free living fungi, are present in root ecosystems are potentially useful as

Biopesticides
Biofertilisers
Methanogens
Vectors for genetic engineering
Biopesticides.
Trichoderma is a free living saprophytic fungi that most commonly lives on dead organic matter in the soil and rhizosphere. It acts as a biopesticides for control of many soil borne disease

11.One of the major difficulties in the biological control of insect pest is that the

Method is less effective as compared with the use of insecticides
Predator does not always survive when transferred to a new environment
Predator develops a preference to other diets and may itself become a pest
Practical difficulty of introducing the predator to specific area
Harmful insects and pests can be controlled through biological control by the introduction of their natural predators. The major difficulty in this control is that the predator does not always survive when transferred to a new environment.

12.Opium is obtained from

Oryza sativa
Selection
Thea sinensis
Papaver somniferum
Opium (apheem) is obtained from latex of unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum

13.Which of the following is a wrong matching of a microbe and its industrial product?

Yeast – Statins
Acetobacter aceti – Acetic acid
Clostridium acedobutylicum – Lactic acid
Aspergillus niger – Citric acid
Butyric acid is produced during fermentation activity of bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. Lactic acid fermentation is carried out by Lactobacillus sp.

14.During anaerobic digestion of organic waste, such as in producing biogas, which one of the following is left undegraded?

Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Lipids
Lignin
Lignin does not degraded in production of biogas

15.Organic farming includes
I. use of biofertilisers and biopesticides
II. crop rotation
III. locally developed pest resistant varieties
Choose the correct option

I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Chemical fertilisers cause pollution of water bodies as well as ground water, besides getting stored in crop plants. Therefore, environmental scientist are pressing for switch over to organic farming. Organic farming is a from of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest

16.Real product of apiculture is

Honey
Bee wax
Both of these
None of these

17.Disease resistance crop is obtained by

Crossing with new varieties
Crossing with wild varieties
Injecting with organic compounds
None of the above

18.Choose the cat fish from the following

Cirrhina mrigala
Wallago attu
Labeo rohita
Catla catla
Wallago attu (Mullhe), Rita rita (Tikanda), Mystus singhara (Singhara) and Clarius batrachus (Indian cat fish or magur) are some freshwater cat fishes of India.

19.Yeast have been used for the commercial production of
I. ethanol
II. bread
III. cheese
Choose the correct option

I and II
I and III
I, II and III
None of these
Alcoholic beverages are defined as beverages that contain ethanol $(C_2 H_5 OH)$. This ethanol is almost always produced by fermentation, the metabolism of carbohydrates by certain species of yeast under anaerobic or law-oxygen conditions. Beverages such as, wine, beer, or distilled spirits all use yeast at some stage of their production.
Yeast the most common one being Sacharomyces cerevisiae, is used in baking as leavening agent, where it converts the food/fermentable sugars present in dough into the gas carbon dioxide. This causes the dough to expand or rise as gas forming pockets or bubbles. When the dough is baked, the yeast dies and the air pockets ‘set’, giving the baked product a soft and spongy textures.
Cheese is formed by partial degradation of milk by different other microorganisms

20.Breeding of crops with high levels of minerals, vitamins and proteins is called

Somatic hybridization
Biofortification
Biomagnifications
Micropropagation
Biofortification differs from ordinary fortification because it focuses on making plant foods more nutritious as the plants are growing rather than nutrients added to the foods when they are being processed.

21.Swiss cheese is formed by the bacterium

Aspergillus niger
Lactobacillus
Propionibacterium sharmanii
Penicillium roqueforti
Swiss cheese is manufactured with a single strains of Propionibacterium shermanii and Propionibacterium arabinosum. Its characteristic feature is formation of large holes due to production of large amount of $CO_2$

22.‘Himgiri’ developed by hybridization and selection for disease resistance against rust pathogens is a variety of

Maize
Sugarcane
Wheat
Chilli
‘Himgiri’ is a wheat variety resistant to leaf and stripe rust, hill bunt etc.

23.Mycorrhiza promotes plant growth by

Absorbing inorganic ions from soil
Helping the plant in utilizing atmospheric nitrogen
Protecting the plant from infection
Serving as plant growth regulator
Mycorrhiza promotes plant growth by absorbing inorganic ions from soil. Fungi form symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants called mycorrhiza. The fungal hyphae absorb phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant

24.Which of the following is used as biofertiliser?
I. Cyanobacteria
II. Yeast
III. Symbiotic bacteria
IV. Free living bacteria
Choose the correct option

I, II and III
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
I, II and IV
Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae is the most suitable source of biofertiliser, particularly in rice fields, e.g., Nostoc, Anabaena
Rhizobium is a symbiotic bacterium that lives in the root nodules of legumes and fixes atmospheric nitrogen into organic compound
Azospirillum and Azotobacter are free-living bacteria which absorb free nitrogen from soil, air and convert it into salts of nitrogen like amino acids and enrich soil nutrients

25.Shakti, Rattan and Protina are three important lysine rich varieties of

Rice
Pulses
Wheat
Maize
Shakti, Rattan and Protina are recently developed composite (germplasm complex) varieties of maize, which have a higher lysine and tryptophan content than traditional maize varieties.

26.Mating between two individuals differing in genotypes to produce genetic variation is called

Domestication
Introduction
Hybridization
Mutation
Hybridization is a method of producing new crop varieties, in which to or more plants of unlike genotype (genetically dissimilar) are crossed

27.An undistillled alcoholic beverage produced from grain-mesh fermentation is

Beer
Rum
Curd
Wine
An undistilled alcoholic beverage produced from grain-mesh fermentation is beer. Beer has an alcoholic content of 3-6%

28.Benefits of mycorrhizae are
I. resistance to root borne pathogen
II. tolerance to salinity and pathogen
III. overall increase in the plant growth and development
Choose the correct option

I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Fungi form symbiotic association with the roots of higher plants called mycorrhiza, e.g., Glomus.
Mycorrhiza shows benefits such as resistance to root borne pathogens, tolerance to salinity and drought and an over all increase in plant growth and development

29.Which of the following is/are the approache(s) for biological farming?
I. Familiarity with various life-forms inhabiting the field
II. Gain knowledge about the life cycles, patterns of feeding and habitat of predators and pests
Choose the correct option

Only I
Only II
I and II
None of these
An important part of the biological farming approach is to become familiar with the various life forms that inhabit the field, predators as well as pests and also their life cycles, patterns of feeding and the habitats that they prefer. This will help to develop appropriate means of biocontrol

30.The purpose of biological treatment of waste water is to

Reduce BOD
Increase BOD
Reduce sedimentation
Increase sedimentation
The growing microbes consume organic matter and thus reduce the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

31.Powdery mildew of wheat is caused by species of

Puccinia
Erysiphe
Ustilago
Albugo
Powdery mildew of wheat-Erysiphe graminis.
Loose smut of wheat-Ustilago tritici.

32.Which of the following plan has been initiated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests to protect rivers from water pollution?

Ganga action plan
Yamuna action plan
Both of these
Neither of these
In order to protect the major rivers of India from sewage pollution, the ministry of environment and forests, has initiated development of sewage treatment plants under the National River Conservation Authority, e.g., Ganga Action Plan (GAP), Yamuna Action Plan, Sutlej Action Plan, Gomti Action Plan

33.Genetic diversity in agricultural crops is threatened by

Introduction of high yielding varieties
Intensive use of fertilizers
Extensive intercropping
Intensive use of biopesticides
Genetic diversity in agricultural crops is threatened by introduction of high yielding varieties.

34.Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for commercial production of

Butanol
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetic acid
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for commercial production of ethanol. S. cerevisiae is a single celled eukaryotic budding yeast belonging to the Ascomycetes (a highly diverse group of fungi)

35.Methanogens, growing anaerobically on cellulosic material, produce

Methane
Methane and carbon dioxide
Methane and hydrogen
Methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen
Methane, $CO_2$ Hydrogen.
Biogas is a methane rich fuel gas produced by anaerobic breakdown or digestion of biomass with the help of methanogenic bacteria. Biogas is made up of methane, carbon dioxide with traces of hydrogen

Section-B

36.The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many fungi in the laboratory is called

Culture media
Fermentation media
Baking media
None of these
The nutritive medium for growing bacteria and many fungi in the laboratory is called culture media

37.Which of the following statements regarding baculoviruses as bio-control agents is/are correct?
I. Baculoviruses are pathogens that attack insects and other arthropods
II. Most of these biocontrol agents belong to the genus Nucleopolyhedro virus
III. They do not harm plants mammals, birds, fish and other non-target insects
IV. Baculoviruses are helpful in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme, in which beneficial insects are conserved
Choose the correct option

I, II and III
I, II and IV
II, III and IV
All of these
Baculovirus heliothis (a group of virus) are known to infect the larval stages of many harmful insects beetles, wasps and ants. A number of baculovirus, which are used as biopesticides belongs to the genus Nucleopohyledro virus
These biological weapons are not only effective as potential biological control of harmful insects, but are also harmless to non-target organisms insects (plants, birds, mammals, non-targets insects etc). They are important in organic farming because of their specific action on harmful insects without causing any damage to beneficial insects as well as to the environment. Baculoviruses are helpful in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme, in which beneficial insects are conserved

38.Morphine, which is used as an analgesic is obtained from

Cinchona officinalis
Papaver somniferum
Taxus brevifolia
Berberis nilghiriensis
Morphine $(C_{17 }H_{19 }O_3 N)$ physiologically is the most active alkaloid of opium (Papaver somniferum). It has sleep and dream inducing properties. Besides, it is essentially an analgesic and sedative and is used as a well known pain killer.

39.Secondary sewage treatment is mainly a

Chemical process
Physical process
Mechanical process
Biological process
Secondary treatment of the liquid effluent from the primary settling tank is purely a biological treatment involving microbial activity

40.Which of the following microbe convert milk into curd?

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
In the process of making curd, bacteria convert milk into curd and milk protein into predigest milk protein. These bacteria then inside the growth of hostile (illness causing) bacteria inside the intestinal tract and promote beneficial bacteria needed for digestion

41.The symbiotic association of fungi with the roots of higher plants is called

Eubacteria
Actinomycetes
Mycorrhiza
Lichen
A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular plant. They are an important component of soil life and soil chemistry

42.Quinine used for treatment of malarial fever is extracted from

Atropa belladonna
Cinchona officinalis
Aconitum napellus
Rauwolffia serpentina
Quinine is obtained from the bark of Cinchona officinalis (family-Rubiaceae). The bark of this plant contains about 30 alkaloids including quinine, cinchonine, quinidine and cinchonidine

43.Biogas produced by fermentation of manure, sewage, cattle dung, etc., predominantly comprises

Methane, nitrogen and hydrogen
Methane, Hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide
Methane and carbon monoxide
Methane and nitric oxide
Biogas produced by fermentation of manure, sewage, cattle dung, etc., predominantly comprises methane and carbon dioxide. The major component of biogas is methane (about 50-68%). The other gasess are carbon dioxide (25-35%), hydrogen (1-5%), nitrogen (2-7%) and rarely hydrogen sulphide

44.Which one of the following is not used in organic farming?

Snail
Glomus
Earthworms
Oscillatoria
Glomus (fungi), earthworm, Oscillatoria are used in organic farming.
(i) Glomus absorb phosphorus from soil and passes it to the plant
(ii) Vermiculture and its application are now recognized as one of the best ways to restore soil health. Earthworms are now synonymus with organic farming.
(iii) Oscillatoria fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase the organic matter of the soil

45.The technology of biogas production from cow dung was developed in India largely by the efforts of

Oil and Natural Gas Commission
Gas Authority of India
Indian Agricultural Research Institute and Khadi and Village Industries Commission
Indian Oil Corporation
Biogas or gobar gas generation has been taken up in India on a large scale. The technology was developed by the collaboration of Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) and Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI)

46.A good example for organic fertilizer, which improves phosphorus uptake, is

VAM fungi
Rhizobium
Azosprillum
None of these
In endophytic mycorrhiza, fungal hyphae present inside or between the cells of cortex, act as biofertilizer. In many grasses and some other crops, the fungal hyphae penetrate to the cortical cells, which swell to from vesicles or arbuscules. This is called Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). It has significant role in phosphate nutrition in plants.

47.Pomato is

Natural mutant
Somatic hybrid
Androgenic hybrid
Somaclonal variant
Pomato is a somatic hybrid of potato and tomato

48.In the biological treatment of sewage the masses of bacteria held together by fungal filament to form mesh like structures called as

Activated sludge
Aerobic process
Flocs
Anaerobic sludge
Useful aerobic microbes grow rapidly and flocs. Flocs are masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to from mesh like structure. The growing microbes consume organic matter and thus reduce the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

49.Cytosporin-A an immunosuppressive drug is produced by the fungus

Aspergillus niger
Monascus purpureus
Penicillium notatum
Trichoderma polysporum
Cyclosporine-A is an eleven membered cyclic oligopeptide obtained through fermentative activity of fungus Trichoderma polysporum. It inhibits activation of T-cells and therefore, prevents rejection reactions in organ transplantation

50.Root cells of wheat has 2n = 42 chromosomes. Which one of the following is the basic chromosome number of wheat?

42
21
7
14
Wheat is hexaploid. Thus, basic chromosome number of wheat will be 7(42/6 = 7).