வேதநதி

BIOTECHNOLOGY & ITS APPLICATIONS

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 B 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Section-A

1.Maximum utilization of biotechnological techniques has been made in the field of

Industries
Medicines
Agriculture
Biogas production

2.Product of biotechnology is

Transgenic crops (GM crops)
Humulin
Biofertilizer
All of the above
Biotechnology may be, simply defined as the use of micro-organisms animals or plant’s cells, or thin components to generate products and services useful to human beings. Now-a-days, biotechnology is very helpful in producing transgenic crops or genetically modified (GM) crops, transgenic animals, biofertilizers, antibodies, hormones like humulin (genetically engineered human insulin), antibodies and various other useful products.

3.Manipulation of DNA in genetic engineering become easy due to invention of

Polymerase chain reaction
Dot blot
Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay
Eastern blotting
Manipulation of DNA becomes easy due to invention of polymerase chain reaction developed by Karry Mullis. It generates microgram quantities of DNA copies of the desired DNA segment, present even as a single copy

4.Which of the following is correctly matched?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens – Tumour
Thermos aquaticus – Bt-gene
pBR322 – Enzyme
Ligase – Molecular scissors
Agrobacterium tumefaciens (updated scientific name: Rizobium radiobacte) is the causal agent of crown gall desease (the formation of tumour) in over 140 species of dicot. It is a rod-shaped, Gram negative soil bacterium (Smith, et. al, 1907). Symptoms are caused by the insertion of a small segment of DNA, known as T-DNA (transfer DNA) into the plant cell, which is incorporated at a semi-random location into the plant genome.

5.Consider the following statements about therapeutic drugs
I. The recombinant DNA technology is used for production of therapeutic drugs which are safe and effective
II. It avoid unwanted immunological responses, commonly observed with similar products isolated from non-human sources
III. About thirty recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use in the world including India
Which of the statements given above are correct?

I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
The recombinant DNA technology process have made great impact in the area of healthcare by the mass production of safe and more effective therapeutics drugs. Further, the recombinant therapeutics do not induces unwanted immunological responses. Now, about 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use all over the world. In India, 12 of these are presently being marketed

6.Biotechnology mainly deals with

Industrial scale production of biopharmaceutical
Biological use of genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals
Both of the above
None of the above
Biotechnology deals with industrial scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biological use of genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals

7.DNA fingerprinting refers to

Molecular analysis of profiles of DNA samples
Analysis of DNA samples using imprinting device
Techniques used for molecular analysis of different specimens of DNA
Techniques used for identification of fingerprints of individuals
Important for DNA fingerprinting are short nucleotide repeats that ary in number from person to person but are inherited. These are Variable Number Tandem Repeats or VNTRs and these can be recognized only through molecular analysis of DNA SAMPLES. Alec Jeffreys (1985, 86) discovered this technique for the first time.

8.Which of the following is/are correct about Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency?
I. In the absence of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails to function
II. ADA deficiency is caused by the deletion of the gene for ADA
III. In some cases, it can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy. But in both approaches, the patients are not completely cured
IV. For permanent cure, genes isolated from the bone marrow cells producing ADA at early embryonic stages can be a possible cure
Which of the above statements are correct?

I, II and III
II, III and IV
I, III and IV
I, II, III and IV
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is very important for the immune system to function. In the absence of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails to function. ADA deficiency can lead to Severe combiuned Immune Deficiency (SCID)
SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the enzyme adenosine deaminase. The genetic diseases that are being investigated for gene therapy ranges from sickle-cell anaemia to Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID). In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation
However, in others it can be treated by the enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. But in both approaches, the patients are not completely cured. For permanent cure, gene isolated from the bone marrow cells producing ADA at early embryonic stage can be a possible cure

9.Which of the following is/are true?
I. Biowar is the use of biological weapons against humans and/or their crops and animals.
II. Bioethics is the unauthorized use of bioresources and traditional knowledge related to bioresources for commercial benefits.
III. Biopatent is exploitation of bioresources of other nations without proper authorization.

II only
I only
I and II
I and II
Biowar or biological war or bioterrorism is the development of biological weapons against people, their crops and animals.

10.Which of the following genes were introduced in cotton to protect it from cotton bollworms?

Cry Ac and cry Ab
Bt Ac and Bt Ab
Cry I Ac and cry II Ab
Nif genes
Bt toxin is coded by a gene named cry. There are number of such genes, e.g., the proteins encoded by the genes cry IAc and cry IIAb control the cotton bollworms, that of cry IAb controls corn borer

11.The aims and objectives of Genetic Engineering Approval Committee are
I. To permit the use of genetically modified organisms and their product for commercial applications
II. To adopt the procedures for restriction, production and application of GM organisms
III. approval to conduct large scale field trails and release of transgenic crops in the environment
Which of the statements are given above are correct?

I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
GEAC was set up by the ministry of environment and forests to regulate research, testing and commercial release of GM crops, food and organisms
The aim and objectives of GEAC are
(i) to permit the use of GM organisms and their products for the commercial applications
(ii) to adopt the procedures for restriction, production a scale, import, export and application of GM organisms
(iii) approval to conduct a large scale field trails and release of transgenic crops in the environment
(iv) to authorise agencies or persons to have large scale production and the release of GM organisms into the environment or curb and take punitive action against them

12.$T_i$ plasmids used in genetic engineering is obtained from

Bacillus thuringiensis
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Pseudomonas syringae
Ti plasmid is a plasmid present in Agrobacterium tumefacies. It is used in genetic engineering in plants, e.g., as a vector in gene transfer to dicot plants.

13.Correct chronological order of the steps occurring during gene therapy are
I. Lymphocytes are obtained from the patients
II. Lymphocytes are transferred to the culture dishes
III. Lymphocytes are transfected with the normal ADA genes
IV. The transfected cell are returned to the patients
The chronological order should be

I, II, III and IV
II, I, III and IV
I, III, II and IV
III, II, IV and I
(i) → (ii) → (iii) → (iv).
Adenosine deaminase enzyme is very important for the immune system to function. In the absence of adenosine deaminase enzyme, purine metabolism is disturbed and T-lymphocytes fails to function. ADA deficiency can lead to Severe combiuned Immune Deficiency (SCID)
SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the enzyme adenosine deaminase. The genetic diseases that are being investigated for gene therapy ranges from sickle-cell anaemia to Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID). In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation
However, in others it can be treated by the enzyme replacement therapy, in which functional ADA is given to the patient by injection. But in both approaches, the patients are not completely cured. For permanent cure, gene isolated from the bone marrow cells producing ADA at early embryonic stage can be a possible cure

14.Which bacteria was the first to be used as biopesticide on the commercial scale in the world?

Bacillus thuringiensis
E. coli
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Bacillus thuringiensis was the first to be used as biopesticides on the commercial scale in the world

15.Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains have been used for designing novel

Biofertilisers
Bio-metallurgical techniques
Bio-mineralisation processes
Bio-insecticidal plants
Bio-insecticidal plants.
Meloidegyne incognitia.
Alleviation of vitamin-A deficiency.
Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced through the genetic engineering of biosynthesis beta-carotene, a precursor of provitamin-A in the edible parts of rice. The research that led to golden rice was conducted with the goal of helping children who suffer from vitamin-A deficiency and blindness in poor countries. Golden rice has been breed to be especially disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yield

16.Which one of the following gene is defective in patients suffering from Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease (SCID)?

Adenosine deaminase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
DNAase
Tyrosine oxidase
Adenosine deaminase.
SCID is caused due to defect in the genes for the enzyme adenosine deaminase. In some children, ADA deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation. However, in others it can be treated by the enzyme replacement therapy in which functional ADA is given to patient by injection. But in both approaches, the patients by are not completely cured. For permanent cure, genes isolated from the bone marrow cells producing ADA at early embryonic stage can be a possible cure

17.The first human drug made by using genetic engineering technique was

Insulin
Paracetamol
Streptomycin
None of these
The first human drug made by using genetic engineering technique was insulin. Insulin is an important life saving drug for diabetic patients

18.The vector for T-DNA is

Thermus aquaticus
Salmonella typhimurium
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Escherichia coli
Vector is used to introduce genes into a host cell, where the genes may be amplified or otherwise manipulated, e.g., Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

19.What is the demerit of using bovine insulin (from cow) and porcine insulin (from pig) in diabetic patients?

It leads to hypercalcemia
It is expensive
It may cause allergic reactions
It may lead to mutations in human genome
Insulin obtained from the pancreas of cattle and pigs slightly differ from the human insulin in their amino acid sequence. Moreover, the insulin production from pig and cattle is not sufficient to cater the needs of growing number of diabetic patients.
Also, the injection of insulin into the patients, occasionally produces sensitivity reaction and side effects. These factors led researches to look for some alternative source of human insulin. The search for new source was soon fulfilled by recombinant DNA technology

20.Which one of the following pairs of term/names means one and the same thing?

Gene pool – Genome
Codon – Gene
Cistron – Triplet
DNA fingerprinting – DNA profiling
DNA fingerprinting (= DNA typing = DNA profiling = genetic fingerprinting) was invented by Sir Alec Jeffreys of UK in 1985. It is a technique to identify a person on the basis of his or her DNA specificity. During this technique, the dark bands on X-ray film present the DNA fingerprint (= DNA profiles). It is very helpful in identifying criminals of rape/murder (using blood/semen/hair) as well as for settling matters related to parentage and paternity.

21.Somaclonal variation is seen in

Tissue culture grown plants
Apomicts
Polyploids
Vegetatively propagated plants
The genetic variability present among cultured cells or plants derived from such cells or progeny of such plants is called somaclonal variation. Generally, the term somaclonal variation is used for genetic variability present among all kinds of cells/plants obtained from cells cultured in vitro.

22.Which of the following peptide chain is removed during the maturation of proinsulin into insulin?

A-chain (21 amino acid)
B-chain (30 amino acid)
C-chain (33 amino acid)
A and B chain
Insulin contains two short polypeptide chains, chain A and B-chain linked by disulphide bridge. In mammals, insulin is synthesised as prohormone (that needs to be processed to become mature and functional hormone). It contains an extra stretch called-peptide. C-peptide is absent in mature insulin and is removed during the maturation into insulin

23.Green revolution is related to the increase in production of

Better irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides facilities
Exploitation of high yielding varieties
Intensive cultivation of high yield varieties
All of the above
The term green revolution leads to the very substantial yield increase obtained by plants resulted from the development of new crop varieties under intensive programme of fertilizers, water and pesticide management. The high yielding varieties of wheat and rice have been the key element in the green revolution.
Milk - white revolution
Eggs - silver revolution
Fish - blue revolution
Oil seeds - yellow revolution
Bio-diesel - black revolution
Horticulture - golden revolution
Tomato and Meat - red revolution

24.Part of the plant, which is cultured to obtain virus free clones, is

Leaf
Root tip
Shoot tip
Embryo
Seeds from virus infected plants generally do not contain the virus. Therefore, sexual progeny are usually virus free, except for new-infections. But this belief is not entirely correct. In case of asexually reproducing crops virus infections spread rapidly. This is because of vegetative propagules from virus infected plants contain virus particle, hence in vegetatively propagated plants the virus gets transmitted through propagule (rhizome/bulb/tubers/root). But the growing bud is not infected (i.e., shoot tips are virus free)

25.Transgenic crops are modified through genetic engineering to develop natural resistance to insect pests. Which one is a transgenic plant?

Tobacco and cotton
Tomato and rice
Maize and sugarcane
Tomato and wheat
Insect resistant transgenic plants contain either a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis or some other gene. In Bt cotton and Bt tobacco the insect resistant gene is transferred from Bacillus thuringiensis.

26.GEAC stands for

Genetic and Biotechnique Approval Committee
Gene Environment Action Committee
Genetic Engineering Approval Committee
Genome Engineering Action Committee
Genetic Engineering Approval Committee – Government of India formed the organisation like GEAC (Genetic Engineering Approval Committee) to decides the validity and safety of GM organisms for public safety

27.Which of the following key factors, makes the plasmid, the vector in genetic engineering?

It is resistant to antibiotics
It is resistant to restriction enzymes
Its ability to carry a foreign gene
Its ability to cause infection in the host
Plasmids, cosmids or bacteriophages can be used as vector in genetic engineering. Plasmids are most widely used circular, extrachromosomal DNA segments seen in the bacterial cells. They carry a foreign gene or desired gene to the host. The size of plasmids ranges from $1×10^6$ to $200×10^6$ daltons. Among other vector plasmids are pBR 322, those of pUG series and $T_i,R_i$ plasmids of Agrobacterium.

28.Genetically modified plants have been useful in increasing

Crop yield
Nutritional value of food
Tolerance against abiotic stresses
All of the above
Genetic modification of crops have resulted in
(i) Increased tolerance against abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt and heat)
(ii) Reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (pest-resistant crops)
(iii) Reduced post-harvest losses
(iv) Enhanced nutritional value of food, e.g., vitamin-A enriched (golden rice)
(v) Increased efficiency of minerals used by the plants (this prevents early exhaustion of fertility of soil)

29.Consider the following statements about insulin
I. Human insulin is made-up of 51 amino acids arranged in two polypeptide chains
II. The two polypeptide chains are interconnected by two disulphide bridges
III. In mammals including humans, insulin is synthesized as a pro-hormone, which contains an extra stretch called the C-peptide
IV. C-peptide is not present in the mature insulin
Which of the statements given above are correct?

I, II and III
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
I, II, III and IV
Human insulin is made up of 51 amino acids arranged in two polypeptide chains. A having 21 amino acids and B with 30 amino acids. The two polypeptide chains are interconnected by two disulphide bridges or S-S linkages. S-S linkage also occurs in A-chain. The hormone develops from the storage product is called proinsulin. Proinsulin has three chains, A, B and C. C chain with 33 amino acids is removed prior to insulin formation

30.Satellite DNA is useful tool in

Organ transplantation
Sex determination
Forensic science
Genetic engineering

31.Which of the following statements are false?
I. Insulin for curing diabetes, used to be extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered pig and cattle
II. Animal insulin is slighty different from the human insulin
III. Animal insulin causes some undesirable side effects such as allergy
IV. Bacteria cannot be made to synthesise insulin from its gene because of the presence of introns
Choose the correct option

I, II and III
I, III and IV
II, III and IV
None of these
Earlier, insulin was extracted from the pancreas of slaughtered cattle and pigs but some patients began developing allergies. Bacteria can not be made to synthesise insulin from its gene because of the presence of introns. Bacteria do not possess enzymes for removing intron mediated transcription

32.A functional ADA cDNA can be introduced into the cells of the patients receiving gene therapy by using vector constituted by

E. coli
Retrovirus
Bacillus thuringiensis
Agrobacterium
A functional ADA CDNA can be introduced into cells of the patients receiving gene therapy by using vector constituted by retrovirus. The SCID patient has a defective gene for the enzyme Adenosine Deaminase (ADA). He/she lacks functional T-lymphocytes and, therefore fails to fight the infecting pathogen. Lymphocytes are extracted from the patient’s bone marrow and a normal functional copy of human gene coding for ADA is introduced into these lymphocytes with the help of retrovirus

33.Blood stains are found at the site of a murder. If DNA profiling technique is to be used for identifying the criminal, which of the following is ideal for use?

Serum
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Platelets
DNA fingerprinting is a technique to identify a person on the basis of person’s DNA specificity. The technique is based upon the fact that the DNA constitution of an individual carries some specific sequence of nucleotides, which do not carry any information for protein synthesis.
From the given options, leucocytes are to be used for identifying the criminal because they are nucleated, whereas erythrocytes are enucleated.

34.Agrochemical based agriculture includes

Fertilisers and pesticides
Genetically modified crops
RNA interference
DNA interference
Agrochemical based agriculture includes fertilisers and pesticides. Agrochemicals are expensive for farmers in developing countries and also have harmful effects on environment

35.The anticoagulant hirudin is obtained from

Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium
Bt toxin produced by cry gene
Seeds of Brassica napus
None of the above
Hirudin is an anticoagulant protein found in leech (Hirudinaria). It is now produced through genetic engineering from seeds of Brassica napus. The gene encoding hirudin was transferred into Brassica napus, where hirudin accumulated in seeds which is purified and used medicinally.

Section-B

36.An efficient oil eating ‘Super bug’ developed through genetic engineering used in cleaning of oil-spill polluted sites is a species of

Arthrobacter
Citrobacter
Pseudomonas
Thiobacillus
Prof. Anand Mohan Chakravorty has developed a new strain of oil eating bacteria called super bug by using species of Pseudomonas through recombinant DNA technology.

37.Bt toxin is obtained from

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Both of these
None of these
Bt toxin is obtained from Bacillus thuringiensis, a prokaryote.

38.The critical research areas of biotechnology are
I. providing best catalyst as improved organism, usually a microbes or pure enzyme
II. creating optimal conditions by engineering for a catalyst to act
III. down stream processing technologies
IV. Multiple Ovulation Transfer Technology (MOET)
Which of the statements given above the correct?

I and II
I, II and III
II, III and IV
I, II, III and IV
There are three critical research areas of biotechnology
(i) Providing best catalyst as improved organism, usually a microbe or pure enzyme
(ii) Creating optimal conditions by engineering for a catalyst to act
(iii) Downstream processing technologies to purify the proteins/organic compounds
Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) has successfully increased the herd size of cattle but not critical use of biotechnology

39.First genetically modified plants commercially released in India is

Golden rice
Slow ripening tomato
Bt brinjal
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is first genetically modified plant commercially released in India.

40.Use of biological resources of other countries without any legal authorization of the countries concerned is called

Biopatent
Biopiracy
Bioethics
All of these
Biopiracy.
Indian Basmati was crossed with semi dwarf variety and was claimed as a new variety for which the patent was filled by a USA company

41.The function of polymerase chain reaction is

Transduction
DNA amplification
Translation
None of these
PCR was discovered by Karry Mullis. In polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a segment of DNA is amplified. Taq DNA polymerase enzyme is used in PCR, this enzyme is temperature resistant.

42.An improved variety of transgenic basmati rice

Does not require chemical fertilizers and growth hormones
Gives high yield and is rich in vitamin-A
Is completely resistant to all insect pests and diseases of paddy
Gives high yield but has no characteristic aroma
Golden rice a variety of Oryza sativa is produced through genetic engineering to biosynthesize’ beta-carotene, a precursor of pro-vitamin-A in the edible parts of rice. The research that led to golden rice was conducted with the goal of helping children who suffer from vitamin-A deficiency in poor countries. Golden rice has been bred to be especially disease-resistant, resulting in better crop yields.

43.Which of the following bio-engineered bacteria is utilized for cleaning of marine oil slicks?

Escherichia coli
Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas putida
Rhizoctonia solani
Pseudomonas Putida is a genetically engineered bacterium with many different plasmids to degrade the pollutants. It is developed by Dr. Anand Mohan Chakravorty and is known as superbug or oil eating bug or Chakraborty’s superbug. Now-a-days, this genetically engineered bacterium is utilized for cleaning of marine oil slicks.

44.Most widely used bioweapon is

Bacillus subtilis
Pseudomonas putida
Bacillus anthracis
None of these
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) and B. mallei (glanders, the most common biological weapon) were used in WW-I by Germany, to infect livestock and animal feed exported to Allies.

45.What is true for plasmid?

Found in viruses
Contains genes for vital activities
Part of nuclear chromosome
Widely used in gene transfer
Plasmid is an exrtachromosomal genetic element of DNA that is capable of replicating independently of host chromosome. It forms the basis of many cloning vectors used in genetic engineering.

46.Palaeontologists unearthed a human skull during excavation. A small fragment of the scalp tissue was still attached to it. Only little DNA could be extracted from it. If the genes of the ancient man need to be analysed, the best way of getting sufficient amount of DNA from this extract is

By hybridizing the DNA with a DNA probe
By subjection the DNA to polymerase chain reaction
By subjecting the DNA to gel electrophoresis
By treating the DNA with restriction endonucleases
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique by which small samples of DNA can be quickly amplified. Starting with only one gene sized piece of DNA, this technique is used to make literally billions of copies in only a few hours.

47.Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) deficiency can be cured by _A_ and _B_ but it is not fully curative. Here A and B can be

A-gene therapy, B-radiation therapy
A-bone marrow transplantation, B-enzyme replacement therapy
A-organ transplantation, B-hormone replacement therapy
A-radiation therapy, B-enzyme replacement therapy
In some cases, adenosine deaminase deficiency can be cured by bone marrow transplantation and enzyme replacement therapy, but it is not fully curative

48.Tobacco plant resistant to a nematode have been developed by the introduction of DNA that produces (in the host cells)

An antifeedent
Both sense and antisense RNA
A particular hormone
Toxic protein
A nematode Meloidegyne incognitia infects the roots of tobacco plants, which reduces the production of tobacco. It can be prevented by using RNA interference process. In this process, by using Agrobacterium vector, nematode specific genes were introduced into the host plants, which produced both sense and antisense RNA in the host cells

49.Bt toxin gene have been expressed in plant in order to provide resistance against
I. tobacco budworm and armyworm
II. beetles
III. flies and mosquitoes
Choose the correct option

I and II
I and III
II and III
I, II and III
Some strains of Bacillus thuringiensis produces proteins that kills some insects like lepidopteran (tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles) and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes)

50.Cry II Ab and cry I Ab produce toxins that control

Cotton bollworms and corn borer respectively
Corn borer and cotton bollworms respectively
Tobacco budworms and nematodes respectively
Nematodes and tobacco budworms respectively
Bt toxin is coded by a gene named Cry. There are a number of them, e.g., the proteins encoded by the genes Cry I Ac and Cry II Ab control the cotton bollworms, that of Cry I Ab controls corn borer.