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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

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Section-A

1.Which element of xylem is the characteristic feature of angiosperms?

Tracheids
Phloem
Vessels
Xylem fibre
Vessel is a long cylindrical tube-like structure made up of many cells called vessel members, each with lignified walls and a large central cavity. The vessel cells are also devoid of protoplasm. Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common walls. The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms

2.All the tissues on the innerside of the endodermis constitutes together to form

Vascular bundle
Conjuctive tissue
Pith
Stele
Stele is the innerside of endodermis, such as pericycle, vascular bundles and pith

3.Which of the following have sunken stomata?

Nerium
Mangifera
Hydrilla
Zea mays
Nerium is a xerophytic plant. It has sunken stomata in leaf, which is an adaptive structure in xerophytic plants for reducing the water loss during transpiration. Nerium has several layer of epidermis.

4.I. Phloem transports the food materials usually from the leaves to other parts of the plant
II. Phloem in the angiosperm is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres
Identify which of the following statement is correct and select the correct option

I and II are correct
I and II are incorrect
I is correct, but II is incorrect
II is correct, but I is incorrect
Phloem transports food material, usually from leaves to other parts of the plant. Phloem in angiosperms is composed of sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells

5.I. Made up of sclerenchymatous cells
II. Generally absent in primary phloem
III. Much elongated and pointed
Given above characters belongs to which of the following?

Phloem fibre
Xylem fibre
Companion cells
Sieve cells
Phloem fibres (bast fibres) are made up of sclerenchymatous cells. These are generally absent in the primary phloem but are found in the secondary phloem. These are much elongated, unbranched and have pointed, needle like apices. The cell wall of phloem fibres is quite thick. At maturity, these fibres lose their protoplasm and become dead. Phloem fibres of jute, flax and hemp are used commercially

6.Fewer xylary elements that have narrow vessel are found in

Autumn wood
Late wood
Autumn or Late
Both Autumn and Late
The autumn wood or latewood has less active cambium and, thus forms fewer xylem elements

7.I. Found only in sporophytic phase of life cycle
II. May contain enzymes that are biologically active
III. Often contain strengthening polymers
Select the correct option for cell wall

All are correct except I
All are correct except II
All are correct except III
All are correct
Cell wall in a plant cell is found in both the phases, i.e., sporophytic and gametophytic phase of life cycle

8.Given below the diagram of secondary growth in dicot stem (diagrammatic). Identify A to D

A-Cortex, B-Secondary xylem, C-Secondary phloem, D-Vascular cambium
A-Cortex, B-Primary phloem, C-Vascular cambium, D-Primary xylem
A-Cortex, B-Primary xylem, C-Vascular cambium, D-Primary phloem
A-Cortex, B-Primary xylem, C-Vascular cambium, D-Primary phloem

9.I. Sunflower seed
II. A wheat leaf
III. Pea plant
IV. Leaf blade of grass
Bulliform cells are present in which of the above plants?

I and II
II and III
III and IV
II and IV
In the upper epidermis of monocots (e.g., wheat, maize, cereals, grasses), there are some large cells found in groups which are known as motor cells or bulliform cells. These cells help in rolling of leaves in dry conditions

10.The first formed primary phloem is referred as _A_ The later formed primary phloem is referred as _B_
Choose the correct combination of A and B

A–protoxylem; B–metaxylem
A–protophloem; B–sieve tube cells
A–metaphloem; B–sieve tube cells
A–protophloem; B–metaphloem
The first formed primary phloem consists of narrow sieve tubes and is referred to as protophloem and later formed primary phloem is referred to as metaxylem

11.Sclerenchyma fibres are

Thick-walled
Elongated
Pointed cells
All of these

12.Collenchyma is

Living and contains protoplasm
Dead and hollow
Dead and filled with reserve food
Living and contains no reserve food
Collenchyma is a specialised supporting simple permanent tissue of living cells filled with protoplasm and characteristically possessing unevenly distributed thickenings of cellulose, pectin and hemicellulose on their wall.

13.During secondary growth of plants, stem phellogen cuts of cells on both sides. The outer cells gets differentiated into _A_ and the inner cells gets differentiated into _B_ cortex
Choose the correct combination of A and B with reference to above statement

A-cork; B-phellem
A-secondary cortex; B-phelloderm
A-secondary cortex; B-primary cortex
A-cork/phellem; B-secondary cortex
Phellogen cuts off the cells on both sides and form an outer imprevious layer, cork and an inner parenchymatous layer, phelloderm

14.In a vascular bundle, if xylem vessels develop in a centripetal fashion, the xylem is likely to be

Mesarch
Centrarch
Endarch
Exarch
When the protoxylem elements lie at the periphery and metaxylem in the centre, the condition is said to be exarch. Here, the direction of development is centripetal, e.g., root.

15.The ring arrangement of vascular bundle is the characteristic feature of

Dicot root
Monocot root
Monocot stem
Dicot stem
The ‘ring’ arrangement of vascular bundles is a characteristic of dicot stem. Each vascular bundle is conjoint, open and with endarch protoxylem

16.In old trees, the greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown due to the

Deposition of inorganic material
Deposition of organic material
Activity of cambium
Activity of secondary xylem
In old trees, the greater part of secondary xylem is dark brown due to the deposition of organic compounds like tanins, resins, oils, gums, aromatic substances and essential oils in the central or innermost layers of the stem. These substances make it hard, durable and resistant to the attacks of microorganisms and insects. The region comprises dead elements with highly lignified walls and is called heart wood

17.Identify from the following, a plant tissue in which lignin does not occur in the cell walls?

Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma fibres
Sclereids
Xylem tracheae
Collenchyma cells are elongated and polygonal with tapering ends, found in outer region of cortex, e.g., angles of stems, midrib of leaves, etc. The cell wall of collenchyma consists of cellulose, pectins and hemicellulose.

18.Mark the correct sequence of layers found in root anatomy.

Epiblema, cortex, endodermis, pericycle
Cortex, epiblema, pericycle, endodermis
Epiblema, cortex, pericycle, endodermis
Cortex, epiblema, endodermis, epidermis
Anatomically, root is distinguishable into following layers or regions sequentially
Epiblema → Cortex → Endodermis → Pericycle → Vascular system → Pith
Epiblema is the outermost piliferous layer of root tissue.
Cortex is the extrastelar fundamental tissue of the sporophyte.
Endodermis is the most innermost layer of cortex, surrounding the pericycle.
Pericycle is an external layer of stele or the later between endodermis and conducting tissues.

19.Border parenchyma or bundle sheath is made up of

Parenchymatous cell
Sclerenchymatous cell
Chlorenchymatous cell
All of these
Each vascular bundle is surrounded by a sheath of parenchymatous cells called bundle sheath. They are chloren chymatous in nature

20.In the diagram of TS of stele of dicot root, the different parts have been indicated by alphabets, choose the answer in which these alphabets correctly match with the parts they indicate.

A- Endodermis, B- Conjuctive tissue, C- Metaxylem, D- Protoxylem, E- Phloem, F- Pith
A- Endodermis, B- Pith, C- Protoxylem, D- Metaxylem, E- Phloem, F- Conjuctive tissue
A- Pericycle, B- Conjuctive tissue, C- Metaxylem, D- Protoxylem, E- Phloem, F- Pith
A- Endodermis, B- Conjuctive tissue, C- Protoxylem, D- Metaxylem E- Phloem, F- Pith
A-Endodermis, B-Conjuctive tissue, C-Protoxylem, D-Metaxylem, E-Phloem, F-Pith

21.I. These tissue are found as layers or patches
II. It consists of cells which are thickened at the corners
III. It often contains chloroplast
IV. Intercellular spaces are absent
V. They provide mechanical support to growing parts of plants
The above characters are attributed to

Vascular tissue
Collenchyma
Parenchyma
Simple sclerenchyma
Collenchyma.
The collenchyma occurs in layers below the epidermis in dicotyledonous plants. It is found either as a homogenous layer or in patches. It consists of cells which are much thickened at the corners due to the deposition of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Collenchymatous cells may be oval, spherical or polygonal and often contain chloroplasts. These cells assimilate food when they contain chloroplasts. Intercellular spaces are absent. They provide mechanical support to the growing parts of the plant such as young stem and petiole of a leaf

22.In any dicot root having secondary growth, the cork is the

Outer to endodermis and inner to primary cortex
Inner to endodermis and external to primary phloem
Inner to endodermis and external to primary xylem
Outer to endodermis and external to primary phloem
In dicot root, during the secondary growth, the cork is formed. This cork is inner to the endodermis and external to the primary phloem

23.In dicot stem, secondary xylem lie towards the _A_ and secondary phloem lie towards the _B_ .
Choose the correct combination of options for A and B

A-pith; B-periphery
A-periphery; B-pith
A-periphery; B-laterally
A-pith; B-laterally
The cambial ring becomes active and begins to cut off new cells, both towards the inner and the outer sides. The cells cut off towards the pith, mature into secondary xylem and the cells towards the periphery mature into secondary phloem

24.Intrafascicular cambium is present in between the

Intrafascicular cambium is present in between the
Secondary phloem and primary xylem
Primary xylem and secondary phloem
Primary xylem and secondary phloem
In dicot stems, the cells of cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem are intrafascicular cambium. The cells of medullary cells, adjoining these intrafascicular cambium becomes meristematic and form the interfascicular cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of cambium is formed

25.Apical meristem and intercalary meristem are called primary meristem because?

They appear early in plant and contributes to the formation of primary plant body
They make secondary tissue
They make the whole plant body
All of the above
Both apical meristems and intercalary meristems are called primary meristems because they appear early in life of a plant and contributes to the formation of primary plant body

26.Bulliform cells are the modification of

Abaxial epidermis cell
Adaxial epidermis cell
Mesophyll
Vascular tissue
In grasses, certain adaxial epidermal cells along the veins modify themselves into large, empty, colourless cells. These are called bulliform cells. When the bulliform cells in the leaves have absorbed water and are turgid, the leaf surface is exposed. When they are flaccid due to water stress, they make the leaves curl inwards to minimise water loss

27.Polyarch condition is found in which of the following?

Monocotyledonous stem
Monocotyledonous leaves
Monocotyledonous roots
Dicotyledonous stem
Monocotyledonous roots.
The anatomy of the monocot root is similar to the dicot root in many respects. It has epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith. As compared to the dicot root, which have fewer xylem bundles, there are usually more than six (polyarch) xylem bundles in the monocot root. Pith is large and well-developed. Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo any secondary growth

28.Central part of root occupied by parenchymatous (thin or thick walled) cells is called

Pith
Endodermis
Pericycle
Meristem
The centre of monocot root or dicot root is occupied by pith. It consists of parenchymatous (thin-walled or thick-walled) cells which may be rounded or angular. Intercellular spaces are present in the pith cells. The pith cells stores food.
Pith is small or inconspicuous in dicots and large, conspicuous in monocots

29.Periderm includes

Phellem, phelloderm, plerome
Phellem, phellogen, dermatogen
Phellem, phellogen, phelloderm
Phellem, phellogen, cortex
Periderm includes-phellem, phellogen and phelloderm

30.Which one of the following is not a lateral meristem?

Intrafascicular cambium
Interfascicular cambium
Phellogen
Intercalary meristem
Intercalary meristems are the portions of apical meristems, which are separated from the apex during the growth of axis and formation of permanent tissues.

31.Sclereids are commonly found in the
I. fruits wall of nuts
II. pulp of fruit like guava and pear
III. seed coat of legumes
IV. micropile of pea
Select the correct combination

All except I
All except II
All except III
All except IV
All except IV.
On the basis of variation in form, structure, origin and development, sclerenchyma may be fibres or sclereids. The fibres are thick walled, elongated and pointed cells, generally occurring in groups, in various parts of the plant. The sclereids are spherical oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells with very narrow cavity (lumen). These are commonly found in the fruit wall of nuts, pulp of fruit like guava, pear and sapota, seed coats of legumes and leaves of tea. Sclerenchyma provides the mechanical support to organs

32.Desert grasses often roll their leaves due to presence of

Oily surface
Bulliform cells
Spines
None of these
Desert grasses often roll their leaves due to presence of bulliform cells. These are big-sized, thin-walled and large vacuolated cells frequently occur towards the lower epidermis.

33.In a dicotyledonous stem, the sequence of tissues from the outside to the inside is

Phellem-pericycle-endodermis-phloem
Phellem-phloem-endodermis-pericycle
Phellem-endodermis-pericycle-phloem
Pericycle-phellem-endodermis-phloem
In a dicotyledonous stem, the sequence of tissues from the outside to the inside is Phellem → endodermis→ pericycle→ phloem→ xylem.

34.A bicollateral vascular bundle has the following arrangement of tissues.

Outer phloem → Outer xylem → Middle cambium → Inner xylem →Inner phloem
Outer cambium → Outer phloem → Middle xylem → Inner phloem → Inner cambium
Outer phloem → Outer cambium → Middle xylem → Inner cambium → Inner phloem
Outer xylem → Outer cambium → Middle phloem → Inner cambium → Inner xylem
In a bicollateral vascular bundle, the phloem occurs in two groups one outside the xylem and the other inner to it, i.e., two groups of phloem, one on each side of xylem.
So, the correct sequence is
Outer phloem → Outer Cambium → Middle xylem → Inner cambium → Inner phloem

35.Cambium is present in between

Phloem and xylem
Permanent mature cells
Collenchyma and sclerenchyma
Collenchyma and parenchyma
In monocotyledons, the vascular bundles have no cambium present in them. Hence, they don’t form secondary tissue and referred to as closed vascular bundles. Generally, monocotyledons have the closed vascular bundles

Section-B

36.Early wood is formed in dicot plant during

Spring season
Winter season
Autumn season
Summer season
The activity of cambium is under the control of many physiological and environmental factors. In temperate regions, the climatic conditions are not uniform through the year. In the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylary elements having vessels with wider cavities. The wood formed during this season is called spring wood or early wood

37.Plant cells that are photosynthetically active are found in the _A_ layer of leaves and are _B_ .
Choose the correct combination of A and B from the below given options

A-mesophyll, B-parenchymatous
A-mesophyll, B-collenchymatous
A-mesophyll, B-sclerenchymatous
A-mesophyll, B-merismatic
The photosynthetic cells are found in mesophyll and are parenchymatous in nature

38.Parenchymatous cells are usually present in the
I. pericycle
II. pith
III. medullary rays
IV. primary root
V. secondary root
VI. primary stem
VII. secondary stem
Select the correct combinations from the given options

All except I and III
All except V and VII
All except II and IV
All except II and IV
Parenchyma cells are usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays, in the primary stems and roots. In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin-walled chloroplast containing cells and is called mesophyll

39.First formed primary xylem elements are called _A_. Later formed primary xylem elements are called _B_.
A and B in the above statement refers to

A–metaxylem; B–protoxylem
A–protoxylem; B–metaxylem
A– protophloem; B–metaphloem
A–metaphloem; B–protophloem
Primary xylem is of two types. First, formed primary xylem is called protoxylem and later formed is called metaxylem. The position of protoxylem and metaxylem is towards pith and periphery, respectively in case of stem and vice versa in roots

40.Which of the following statement is correct?
I. Many organs of aquatic plants floats in water
II. Large air gaps are present in the collenchyma tissue of lotus leaf

I is correct, but II is incorrect
II is correct, but I is incorrect
I and II are correct
I and II are incorrect
Many organs of aquatic plant floats in water. The mesophyll between upper and lower epidermis is differentiated into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Intercellular spaces are present among the spongy parenchymatus cells

41.Choose the incorrect statement

Medullary rays connects the pith with pericycle and cortex
Medullary rays make intimate contact with the conducting cells of both phloem and xylem
Medullary rays help in radial conduction
None of the above
Medullary ray or pith rays They are the radial strips of parenchyma cells present between the adjacent vascular bundles. The medullary rays connects the pith with pericycle and cortex. They ray cells make intimate connection with the conducting cells of both xylem and phloem through pits
The medullary rays help in the radial conduction of food and water. They also transport gases from pith to cortex and vice-versa

42.In the leaf, vascular bundles are found in the

Veins
Palisade tissues
Lower epidermis
Upper epidermis
In leaves, the tissues, which constitute the conduction system (i.e., vascular bundles) are situated near or at the centre of the midrib and generally form a ring composed of xylem (towards upper surface) and phloem (towards lower surface). The structure of large veins is more or less similar to that of a midrib. The small veins consist of only of few conducting cells.

43.Identify the correct order of the components with reference to their arrangement from outer side to inner side in a woody dicot stem.
I.Secondary cortex
II.Autumn wood
III.Secondary phloem
IV.Phellem

II, III, I and IV
III, IV, II, and I
IV, I, III and II
I, II, IV and III
Phellem is a group of tissue formed due to activity of phellogen (cork cambium) towards the outer side, while towards the inner side, phellogen cuts another group of cells called phelloderm or secondary cortex. Below secondary cortex is occurred secondary phloem, it is formed due to activity of vascular cambium, which cuts secondary xylem towards inner side. This newly formed secondary xylem is called autumn wood.

44.Identify A,B and C indicated in diagram of root apex given below

A-Vascular bundle, B-Epidermis, C-Root apical meristem
A-Cortex, B-Epidermis, C-Root apical meristem
A-Cortex, B-Protoderm, C-Root apical meristem
A-Cortex, B-Epidermis, C-Root apical meristem

45.Cambium activity is highest in

Autumn
Spring
Winter
Rain
The cambium activity is seen in the temperate trees in two seasons of the year. In the spring season, cambium activity is highest as a result more amount of wood is formed due to long duration of favourable period. This type of wood is known as spring wood or early wood. In autumn season, cambium activity is arrested as a result dark-coloured, narrow band of autumn wood or late wood is formed. The two woods jointly constitute the annual rings or growth rings.

46.Axillary bud and terminal bud are derived from the activity of

Lateral meristem
Intercalary meristem
Apical meristem
Parenchyma
It is the shoot apical meristem, which gives rise to lateral buds. The lateral buds, however, remain suppressed due to apical dominance.

47.Length of petiole increases due to division of

Apical meristem
Lateral meristem
Intercalary meristem
All of these
The intercalary meristems are responsible for localised growth. Perhaps they have been detached from the mother meristem, e.g., meristem present at the base of leaves in many monocots, in the internode of grasses, at the top of peduncles of Plantago and Taraxacum, etc.

48.Select the correct statements
I. Epidermal call have small amount of cytoplasm and a large vacuole
II. Waxy layer cuticle is absent in roots
III. Root hairs are unicellular, while stem hairs/trichomes are multicellular
IV. Trichomes are branched/unbranched, soft/stiff and secretory or transpiration preventive
V. Guard cells are dum-bell-shaped in dicots and bean-shaped in monocots (e.g., grass)

All except I and II
All except III
All except II and IV
All except IV
All except IV.
Epidermal cells are elongated compactly arranged and form continuous layer called epidermis. Stomata are present in epidermis of leaves and regulate process of transpiration and gaseous exchange. The epidermal hairs, i.e., root hairs, unicellular elongations and trichomes, multicellular elongation of epidermis on root and shoot helps in absorbing water and preventing water loss, respectively.
All of these.
The outside of the epidermis is often covered with waxy thick layer called cuticle, which prevents the loss of water. Cuticle is absent in roots.
In grasses (monocotyledons), the guard cells are dumb-bell shaped and in dicotyledonous (bean, castor, pea), the guard cells are bean or kidney-shaped

49.Companion cells in plants are associated with

Vessels
Sperms
Sieve elements
Guard cells
Companion cell is a thin-walled elongated cell, which is associated with sieve tube. The sieve tube elements lack nucleus, they remain living being dependents upon the adjacent companion cell nucleus.

50.Continuous ring of cambium is formed by

Intrafascicular cambium
Interfascicular cambium
Lateral meristem
Both Intrafascicular and Interfascicular cambium
Interfascicular and intrafascicular both cambium join each other and form a continuous ring of cambium for the secondary growth of dicots