வேதநதி

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 B 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

Section-A

1.In terms of descending order of percentage proportions of leucocytes in human blood, which one is correct?

Neutrophils → lymphocytes → monocytes → eosinophils → basophils
Neutrophils → basophils → lymphocytes → eosinophils → monocytes
Neutrophils → monocytes → lymphocytes → eosinophils → basophils
Neutrophils → monocytes → lymphocytes → eosinophils → basophils

2.Tendons and ligaments are specialized types of

Nervous tissue
Muscular tissue
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Tendons and ligaments are the dense, fibrous connective tissues. Tendon connects a skeletal muscle to a bone, while ligaments connect bones together.

3.The lining of intestine and kidneys in human is

Keratinized
Brush bordered
Ciliated
None of these
Lining of intestine and kidney in human is formed by columnar epithelium, which has cells with microvilli on free surface and forms brush border. Brush bordered surface increases the absorptive area of the surface.

4.Vagina, oesophagus and urethra contain which type of tissue?

Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Ciliated epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium consists of two to many layers of cells. This type of epithelium lines the oral cavity, oesophagus and the vagina of mammals.

5.In which of the following muscle fibres intercalated disc occurs?

In non-striped muscles
Between cardiac muscle fibres
At the junction of muscle and nerve cells
In striped muscles
Intercalated discs occurs between the cardiac muscle fibres of the heart.

6.Fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells are present in

Cartilage tissue
Adipose tissue
Areolar tissue
Glandular epithelium
Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocyte and plasma cells are cells of areolar tissue.

7.Which of the following cells are round and biconcave in shape?

White blood cells
Red blood cells
Columnar epithelial cells
Nerve cells
Red blood cells (RBCS) or erythrocytes are the most abundant of all the cells in blood. They are devoid of nucleus in most of the mammals and are round or biconcave in shape. It is biconcave because such a shape has increase surface area (for $O_2$ transfer) and allows easy squeezability of the RBCS through the blood vessels.

8.___type of junction is found in the epithelium and other tissues. Fill up the blank by using a suitable word

Two
Three
One
Four
Three types of junctions found in the epithelium and other tissues are tight junctions, adhering junctions and gap junction

9.Which is not phagocytic?

Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Mast cell
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte is not phagocytic in nature. They produce antibodies as they are the key cells of immune system.

10.Which of the following types of cartilage is found in intervertebral disc of mammal?

Hyaline cartilage
Fibrous cartilage
Calcified cartilage
Elastic cartilage
White fibrous cartilage contains more collagen fibres and lack perichondrium. It is the strongest cartilage in vertebrate body and is required where great tensile strength, flexibility and rigidity is needed. It is found in intervertebral disc and public symphysis of pelvic girdle.

11.Red cell count is carried out by

Haemocytometer
Haemoglobinometer
Sphygmomanometer
Electrocardiogram
Haemocytometer is an instrument used to determine cell or spore counts such as RBCS.

12.Nerve cells are the part of

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Nerve cells is unit of nervous tissue. It is specialized for communication between various parts of the body and in integration of their activities.

13.Which among the following is not a characteristic of yellow fibres of connective tissue?

Presence of elastin
Fewer in number
Straight and branched
Provide toughness and strength
The dense connective tissue is elastic and contains abundant yellow elastin fibres. ‘Provide toughness and strength’ is not characteristic of yellow fibres of connective tissue.

14.Which tissue is present in the lining of small intestine?

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Nervous tissue
Muscular tissue
Epithelial tissue has free surfaces, which faces either a body fluid or the outside environment and thus, provides a covering or a lining for some part of body. It is found on a lining of small intestine and helps in secretion and absorption

15.Haemoglobin is

An oxygen carrier in human blood
A protein used as food supplement
As oxygen scavenger in root nodules
A plant protein with high lysine content
In human body 98.5% of $O_2$ is transported by the respiratory pigment haemoglobin which is present in erythrocyte of blood. One molecule of haemoglobin can carry four molecules of $O_2$

16.Which of the following is not granulocyte?

Basophils
Monocytes
Acidophils
Neutrophils
White blood cells (leucocytes) are of two types :
1. Granulocyte : This types of WBC, have granules in cytoplasm. These are eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils.
2. Agranulocytes : This types of WBC, does not have granules in cytoplasm, e.g., lymphocytes and monocytes.

17.Ciliated epithelium is present in

Trachea
Ureter
intestine
Nasal chamber
Ciliated epithelium lines the inside of the oviducts, ventricles of the brain, the spinal canal as well as the respiratory passages like trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.

18.Which of the following epithelium is composed of single layer of tall and slender cells?

Cuboidal epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Ciliated epithelium
Glandular epithelium
The columnar epithelium is composed of single layer of tall of slender cells. Their nuclei are located at the base and microvilli are present on free surfaces

19.Which statement is correct about simple cuboidal epithelium?

It consists of a single layer of cube-like cells
It is commonly found in ducts of glands
Its main function is secretion and absorption
All of the above
Simple cuboidal epithelium is made up of a single layer of cube-like cells. This is mainly found in ducts of glands and its main functions are secretion and absorption

20.The cell junctions called tight, adhering and gap junctions are found in

Muscular tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Neural tissue
In epithelial tissue, the adjacent cells form ion-rich gap or cell junctions for intercellular communication and chemical exchange. These junctions probably do not provide physical support.

21.Myoglobin is present in

All muscle fibres
White muscle fibres only
Red muscle fibres only
Both White and Red muscle fibres
Both white and red muscle fibres have myoglobin. Myoglobin contains heme group which is responsible for carrying of oxygen molecules to muscle tissues.

22.The most active phagocytic white blood cells are

Neutrophils and eosinophils
Lymphocytes and macrophages
Eosinophils and lymphocytes
Neutrophils and monocytes
Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic white blood cells

23.Cells, which help in the formation of bones are called

Chondroblasts
Osteolasts
Osteoblasts
Chondroclasts
Osteoblasts cells helps in the formation of bones and are present in the spaces called lacunae

24.Mark the odd one.

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Erythrocytes
Erythrocytes are red blood corpuscles (RBCS), while monocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils are white blood corpuscles (WBCS)

25.Which one of the following leucocytes transforms into macrophages?

Eosinophil
Basophil
Monocytes
Lymphocyte
Monocytes are the largest white cells of blood having ramiform or horse shoe shaped nucleus. These are actively motile and phagocytic cells. These cells after entering into tissue fluid, transform into macrophages.

26.Nails, hoofs and horns are examples of

Bone
Cartilage
Connective tissue
Epidermal derivatives
Nails, hoofs and horns are examples of epidermal derivatives. Claws are modified into nails, which are characteristic of mammals. Hoofs are characteristic of ungulates. Horns are found in hoofed mammals (Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla) only. All the three (i.e., nails, hoofs and horns) are modification of stratum corneum.

27.The layer of cells forming tissue that appears to be multilayered but actually some of the cells extend from the basement membrane to the surface is

Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium always consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped columnar cells touching the basement membrane, i.e., the long cells with oval nuclei and short cells with rounded nuclei. Some of the cells (long cells) extend from the basement membrane to the surface. Hence, although epithelium is one cell thick but it appears to be multilayered or stratified, thus called Pseudostratified.

28.During the process of blood coagulation, vitamin-K helps in the

Formation of thromboplastin
Formation of prothrombin
Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Vitamin-K (phylloquinone) is the anti-haemorrhagic vitamin or factor, reported and named by a Danish scientist, Dam as coagulation factor (Danish term), who got the Nobel Prize for it in 1943. It is necessary for the synthesis of prothrombin (the precursor of thrombin) in the liver for normal clotting of blood. Thus, vitamin-K helps in blood clotting, prevention of haemorrhage and excessive bleeding in wounds.

29.The type of epithelial cells, which line the inner surface of fallopian tubes, bronchioles and small bronchi, are known as

Squamous epithelium
Columnar epithelium
Ciliated epithelium
Cubical epithelium
The type of epithelial cells that line the inner surface of fallopian tubes, bronchioles and small bronchi, are known as ciliated epithelium.

30.Examples of specialised connective tissue is/are

Bone
Cartilage
Blood
All of these
Connective tissues ranges from soft connective tissues to specialised types, which includes cartilage, bone, and blood

31.Keratinized dead layer of skin is made up of

Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Stratified columnar epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium is seen in the adult human body. It may be keratinized or non-keratinized. In keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the outer few layers contain a hard water proof protein in their cytoplasm.

32.Adipose tissue perform which of the following the function?

Producing fat
Dissolving fat
Storing fat
All of these
The cells of adipose tissue are specialised to store fats. The excess of nutrients which are not used immediately by the body are converted into fats and get stored in this tissue

33.Which of the following is a transparent tissue?

Tendon
Fibrous cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
All of these
Hyaline cartilage is most abundant kind of cartilage with no fibres and transparent matrix. It is the initial skeleton of foetus. In adults it is found in bronchi, larynx, at the end of ribs etc.

34.Cells of areolar tissues that produces or secrete fibres are called

Fibroblast
Mast cells
Macrophage
Adipocytes
The fibroblasts are the principle cells of the areolar tissue. They are large, flat, stellate cells with long processes and oval nucleus. They secrete matrix and the material of which, the fibres are formed

35.Which of the following are not true cells in the blood?

Platelets
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Basophils
Blood platelets are non-nucleated (nucleus absent), that’s why they are not true cells.

Section-B

36.Which of the following are the examples of saccular glands?

Oil and milk glands of humans
Sweat gland in mammals
Brunner’s gland in humans
None of the above
Saccular glands have wide, spherical, secretory part called acinus. They may be simple or compound. The simple saccular glands may be branched or unbranched. A compound saccular gland consists of several lobules, each having many acini.
The acini of a lobule opens by short ductules into a common duct that discharge into the main duct of the glands. The oil glands in the human skin are simple, branched and saccular whereas, milk glands of humans are compound and saccular

37.Major protein of connective tissue is

Melanin
Collagen
Keratin
Myosin
Collagen is a protein consisting of tiny reticular fibrils. These combine to form the white glistering inelastic fibres of tendons and ligaments.

38.Blood cells involved in inflammatory reactions are

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes
An infection or tissue injury usually causes redness, swelling, pain and production of heat that may result in fever. Such an expression is called inflammation. Neutrophils are most abundant, phagocytic WBCS. Their number increases during inflammation.

39.Areolar connective tissue joins

Fat body with muscles
Integument with muscles
Bones with muscles
Bone with bones
Adipose (connective) tissue - Storage of fats.
Areolar connective tissue - Joins integument with muscles.
Tendons - Connect skeletal muscle with bone.
Ligaments - Connect bone to bone

40.The study of internal structure of an organism as revealed by dissection is known as

Morphology
Anatomy
Internal appearance
Physiology
Anatomy is concerned with the study of internal structures of an organism as revealed by dissection
(G. ana = up, tome = to cut)

41.During inflammation, which of the following is secreted by connective tissue?

Heparin
Histamine
Serotonin
Glucagon
The inflammatory process begins with a chemical ‘alarm’ as a flood of inflammatory chemicals are released into the extra cellular fluid. Injured and stressed tissue cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes, mast cells and blood proteins are all sources of inflammatory mediators, the most important of which are histamine, kinins, prostaglandins and complement.

42.Cardiac muscles are

Striated and voluntary
Striated and involuntary
Smooth and voluntary
Smooth and involuntary
Cardiac muscles are predominantly found in heart wall. These are striated involuntary contract quickly and do not get fatigued. These muscles continue rhythmic contraction throughout life under the control of ANS.

43.Which of the following organs is called the graveyard of RBCs?

Thymus
Liver
Spleen
Kidney
Spleen is known as the graveyard of RBCS, as its cells are phagocytosise worn red blood cells and platelets.

44.Which of the following is not a function of epithelium?

Protection
Connection
Secretion or excretion
Adsorption
Connection is not the function of epithelium tissue. It is the function of connective tissue

45.Animal tissues are categorised into four basic types on the basis of

Function and origin
Structure and functions
Functions only
Origin and structures
Animal tissues are categorised into four basic types on the basis of their structure and function

46.Consider the following statements about the connective tissue
I. Their special function is linking and supporting the other organs tissue of the body
II. It is the most abundant type of animal tissue
III. Blood is a specialised connective tissue which contains collagen
IV. The cells of connective tissue secretes mucous
Which of the statement given above are incorrect?

I and II
II and III
III and IV
I, II, III and IV
Specialised connective tissues includes cartilage, bone, adipose and blood. In all connective tissues, except blood the cells secretes collagen. Blood’s a fluid connective tissue containing plasma, RBCs and WBCs. Cells of connective tissues secretes fibres of structural proteins called collagen or elastin. This fibres provides strength, elasticity and flexibility to the tissues

47.Which of the following statements is associated with epithelium?

Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix
Cells are loosely packed with large intercellular matrix
It is highly vascularised
It is a supporting tissue
Cells are compactly packed with little intercellular matrix

48.Peyer’s patches produce

Mucus
Trypsin
Lymphocytes
Enterokinase
Peyer’s patches are found in ileum and made up of lymph nodes. These are aggregates of lymphocytes, where B-cells from a central follicle and are surrounded by T-cells and macrophages, which help the T-cells to recognize antigen. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is made up of Peyer’s patches.

49.Carefully read the given statements about neurons and neuroglial cells of nervous tissue
I. Neuroglial make up more than one-half volume of the neural tissue in our body
II. Neuroglial cells protects and support the neurons
III. Axon and dendrons are the part of neurons
IV. When neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated, which travels along its cytoplasm
Choose the correct statements form above given option

I and II
Only II
III and IV
Only IV
When a neuron is suitably stimulated, an electrical disturbance is generated which travels along its plasma membrane. Arrival of the disturbance at the neuron’s ending, triggers the events that may cause the stimulation of adjacent neurons and other cells

50.In which one of the following preparations, you likely to come across cell junctions most frequently?

Ciliated epithelium
Thrombocyte
Tendon
Hyaline cartilage
Specialized cell junctions occur at many points of cell-cell and cell-matrix contact in all tissues, but they are particularly important and plentiful in epithelium.